Emanuel Kant
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Kant wrote his social and political philosophy in order to champion the Enlightenment in general and the idea of freedom in particular. His work came within both the natural law and the social contract traditions. Kant held that every rational being had both an innate right to freedom and a duty to enter into a civil condition governed by a social contract in order to realize and preserve that freedom.
His writings on political philosophy consist of one book and several shorter works. The “Doctrine of Right”, Part One of his two-part Metaphysics of Morals and first published as a stand-alone book in February 1797, contains virtually every directly political topic he treats. Other shorter works include a useful short summary of his discussion of the basis and role of the state in the second section of the essay “Theory and Practice”, an extended discussion of international relations in the essay “Toward Perpetual Peace”, and the essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?.” Other published material relevant to the topics include material on history, on practical philosophy in general, and, for his social philosophy, his work on religion, education, and anthropology. Kant also offered a biannual lecture course on “Natural Right”, a student’s (Feyerabend) transcript of which is available in English translation.
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